The Character of Caliban in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

The Character of Caliban in The Tempest This thing of darkness, I must acknowledge mine It is impossible to understand The Tempest without first understanding the character of Caliban. Despite numerous novels and poems praising the virtuous, the pure and the good, everyone has within them a darker side of depravity and evil thoughts. This makes us human. What distinguishes between good and bad people, though, is the way in which this alter ego manifests itself to both the rest of mankind and to oneself. Ostensibly, The Tempest is a play based around Prospero: his power to punish verses his power to forgive. Many scholars believe that this is an almost autobiographical work, written towards the end of Shakespeares†¦show more content†¦If this is the case, then his actions can be blamed on natural instinct and a tormented mind. In the second scene of Act one, Caliban attempts, with some success, to plead his case as the hard done by innocent. Upon their arrival on the island, he apparently treated them very well: ...I loved thee, And showed thee all the qualities othisle, The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile...(Shakespeare 1:2:337) while Miranda and Prospero took him in as their own. This situation continued, while Miranda took pains to make him speak until Caliban attempted to violate the honour of Miranda. This could be seen as an act of pure instinct rather than malice: a wish to populate this isle with Calibans is natural? His lack of remorse however, is obvious. This act only served him in being shut in a rock-prison and punished with the help of Prosperos magic. These actions though, are justifiable, if they are to be combined with Calibans situation. His precious island, which he inherited from his mother and which he obviously loves (shown by his Be not afraid speech to Stephano and Trinculo in Act3: 2) has been taken from him and he has become a prisoner in his home. If he is not to have freedom, then the wish to either win his island back from those who stole it, or at least use the situation to his advantage toShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Character of Caliban in Shakespeares Tempest1831 Words   |  8 Pages Caliban is one of the primary antagonists in William Shakespeares play The Tempest. It is impossible to understand the Tempest without first understanding the character of Caliban. Through the exploration of the character of Caliban the reader gains an understanding of his importance within the play and that he is simply not just black and white, there is also a great deal of grey. It is the characters ambiguity that enables him to be human inside although appearing bestial on the outside.Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1229 Words   |  5 Pagesplay, The Tempest. One of Cohen’s theses though - thesis four â€Å"The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference† - appears quite prominently in Shakespeare’s work. The thesis articulates that monsters are divisive and often arise in a culture to make one group seem superior to another. Further, societies devise monsters in order to create a scapegoat for social and political inequities and instabilities that surface in that society. In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, the idea applies to Caliban, who servesRead More tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words   |  6 PagesColonialism in A Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.   He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story.   Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives.   Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare’s The Tempest because heRead More Aime Cesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest1683 Words   |  7 PagesCesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation of European colonization (Carlberg).   This movement, which influenced Africans as well as blacks around the world, specifically rejects the political, social, and moral domination of the West.  Ã‚   Leopold Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire are the three pioneersRead More Conflict and Harmony in The Tempest Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Harmony in The Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare describes a utopic world saturated with supernatural images and ideas which works to create the mysterious island where The Tempest takes place.   This is one of Shakespeares best examples of how a natural harmony reveals itself through the actions of discourse and confusion.   To illustrate this idea best one must examine the historical context upon which The Tempest is based.   Because this play was published in the early 1600sRead MoreEssay on Quest for Power In The Tempest1208 Words   |  5 PagesQuest for Power In The Tempest      Ã‚   I suggest that engraved into humanitys essence is the intense desire for power. William Shakespeares play, The Tempest not only depicts this concept, but breaks it down for the reader; enabling effective analysis of this concept. Through notable characterization, Shakespeare is able to convey key concepts regarding the idea of power versus ambition. Specifically, the role that ambition and the moderation of ones ambition play in the effectiveness of controlRead MorePost Colonial Translations Of The Tempest : Colonial Society s Universal Mirror1672 Words   |  7 PagesTranslations of The Tempest: Colonial Society’s Universal Mirror Shakespeare’s The Tempest has been viewed through many different lenses, and each translation brings with it a new and differing understanding of Shakespeare’s complex original work. Two specific translations, Coetzee’s novel Disgrace and Cesaire’s play A Tempest, do an exemplary job at translating The Tempest, because both translations looked at a different aspect of the colonizer-colonized relationship. Cesaire s A Tempest translates theRead More tempnature Duality Between Nature and Society in Shakespeares The Tempest813 Words   |  4 PagesBetween Nature and Society in The Tempest  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   One of the essential themes of The Tempest is the duality between nature and society.   This is made evident through the character of Caliban: the disfigured fish-like creature that inhabits the island upon which the play takes place.   Caliban lacks civility because he was born on the island deprived of any social or spiritual morality other than nature and instinct.   He is literally man untamed.   Caliban is not monstrous simply for theRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1705 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Mr. Nath 5 December 2014 The Tempest Written between 1610 and 1611, The Tempest by William Shakespeare is the final play penned by the famous Bard. The play portrays the illusory struggle of power and conscience through the character of Prospero and his egocentric motives. Politically, the play can be seen as an analysis of important political issues relevant to that of oppression and imperialistic tendencies of the time. Artistically, The Tempest emphasizes the nature of art, more prominentlyRead MoreFred Wilcoxs Science Fiction Film, Forbidden Plane has a Resemblance to Shakespeares The Tempest727 Words   |  3 Pages1956 science fiction film by Fred Wilcox, Forbidden Planet closely resembles many other pieces of literature. The most obvious resemblance to Forbidden Planet is Shakespeares The Tempest. As expected, the characters and plot of Forbidden Planet closely mirror those characteristics of The Tempest, with the exception that where The Tempest engages magic, Forbidden Planet utilizes technology. What is more important, however, is that how the technology works is irrelevant for the purpose of the movie

Same-Sex Marriage The Obvious Choice Essay - 1258 Words

Since the beginning of history, people have always chosen some of their fellow men to discriminate and belittle. Although almost always the people of this nation come into the realization of their wrongs, it feels as though there will never be a time when everyone is truly as equal as the Constitution states. The same-sex marriage controversy has been very heated in America lately, but the undeniable truth is that the government has no right to prohibit it. Unfortunately, the truth is not always easily seen by everyone. Perhaps the best way to unveil justice is to tear down the false propaganda that shields it. To be frank, there is absolutely no validity in the arguments made against same-sex marriage. One of the most ridiculous†¦show more content†¦Suffice to say that if there is emotional depth lacking anywhere it would probably be in opposite sex marriage. Another argument against same-sex marriage was that it would raise the already high divorce rates and further weaken the institution. Once again these arguments are meaningless speculation and are easily proved otherwise with a little investigation. For example, the state of Massachusetts legalized gay marriage in May of 2004 and was later found to have the lowest divorce rate in the United States during the year 2008; A result of its twenty-one percent decline between 2003 and 2008. The correlation between the two is undeniable and yet people still have the nerve try to fight the facts. Truth is, that the counters against same-sex marriage simply have no premise and are mainly revolved around odium and intolerance. An extremely important reason for the legalization of gay marriage is that the benefits that come from a government-recognized union are crucial to a stable relationship between two people. Benefits that provide basic rights such as hospital visitations during an illness, taxation and inheritance rights, access to family health coverage, joint adoption, and protection in event of the relationship ending are all vital and cannot be spared simply because some people do not have an open mind. All couples who loveShow MoreRelatedShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesShould gay marriage be legal? Gay marriage should be legal because as woman and man, all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object or the person who experiences it. The first reason why same sex marriageRead MoreEssay Gay Marriage Should Be Legal889 Words   |  4 Pagesguarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Should gay marriages really be allowed? Has the Supreme Court ruled in error? Gay marriage should be legal because all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object orRead More Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-Sex Marriage and the Destruction of American Culture1433 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage and the Destruction of American Culture      Ã‚  Ã‚   The late 20th century disintegration of marriage is epoch-defining and hazardous to moral health. The question of legally recognizing same-sex marriage - thrust upon us by recent court decisions - culminates this disintegration.    There are many reasons why the ills of marriage are so pivotal. Marriage is the principle of sexual morality. Immoral sexual acts are often wrong for other reasons, too, such as the injusticeRead MoreTaking a Look at Same-Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage is against the law and against the moral standards of the religious society. In this paper I will sympathize with the homosexual community in order to improve their views on marriage. First amendment of the Constitution protects and makes homosexuality legal. Marriage is also legal. Marriage laws and the rights that fall under marriage are defined and upheld by the states. Should same-sex marriage remain illegal? Homosexuals believe rights guaranteed to married heterosexual couplesRead MoreEssay on Same Sex Marriages615 Words   |  3 Pages The proposed legalization concerning same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history. The potentialRead MoreHow Does Same Sex Marriage Affects in Decreasing Population Growth1436 Words   |  6 PagesFirst, what is MARRIAGE? Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between  spouses  that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children. (From that statement, the word children are the most important thing in marriage, WHY? Because we all know having same sex marriage CANNOT produce a child) What is SAME SEX MARRIAGE? -------------- Decrease of population growth caused by SAME SEX MARRIAGE Extending the benefits and status ofRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage is a hot topic in the U.S. approving, it in all fifty states can be harmful to the country. Same-sex marriage should not have been legalized in the United States. First, legalizing can be harmful to the society, Second, same-sex marriage it always denies a child a father or a mother, Third, legalizing It Offends some religions and violates tradition. In addition, It means all citizens should have understood of the consequences before making the decision. OneRead More Gay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesThe Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Yet, same-sex marriage continues to be a highly debated issue that leaves our society searching for answers. This has been very apparent during elections when politicians, in order to distract or sway conservative voters, all took a side and had an opinion on the issue of same-sex marriage. The debate has been presented on the left as a civil rights debate, equal rights. And on the right,Read MoreThe Perception Of Micro Aggression Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesmicro-aggression and my past and current perceptions of micro-aggression against LGBTQIA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual). My relation to power and privilege which according to my sexual orientation, ability level and race is obvious. My sexual orientation is heterosexuality. Due to the heterosexuality is dominant in the society, I may experience the heterosexual privilege to some extents. In addition, I am from China and my race is Asian. Yellow people is a minor group in theRead MoreShould Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized in Hong Kong?1095 Words   |  5 PagesShould same-sex marriage be legalized in Hong Kong? In recent years, more homosexual people have come out to disclose their sexual orientation. Gays and lesbians may even feel pride and have higher self-esteem instead of having shame. People in Hong Kong generally are more open-minded now. There is no legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Hong Kong. In many countries or regions, the legalization of same-sex marriage is already implemented. Therefore, some may say that same-sex marriage should

Shooting an Elephant Analysis free essay sample

Shooting an Elephant analysis Giving in can either be good or bad. Whether large or miniscule, situations that are faced everyday require serious decisions. As humans, we sometimes have the inability to decide. In, â€Å" Shooting An Elephant†, choices are made for the pleasure of others. The theme in this short autobiographical essay deeply affects the entire story. Being unwanted had an enormous impact on Orwell. George Orwell lived in lower Burma where he was a sub- divisional police officer. Sadly, most of the towns inhabitants had a strong dislike for him because of the color of his skin, white. Orwell had to endure cruel insults and hurtful embarrassments. The harmless police officer was miserable and wanted to fit it with the people he was to protect. One day an incident occurred that called upon Orwells assistance, an elephant was on a rampage. Behaving against his own wishes damaged him. Orwell brought along a rifle on his manhunt to end the elephants disturbance. We will write a custom essay sample on Shooting an Elephant Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As soon as he had seen the giant creature he was certain he was not going to shoot him. One ought not to do it if it can possibly be avoided. †, was what Orwell had said to himself when coming face to face with the gentle giant. George was sure that animals attack phase was already wearing off. Therefore why the need to shoot it? To please his fellow townspeople. Orwell succumbed to pressure. â€Å" Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd†, he was surrounded by wandering eyes waiting for him to make his move. Orwell did not want to shoot the elephant, but he needed to do what the natives expected of him. George Orwell shot the elephant not once or twice, but multiple times. Orwell was guilty and ashamed, it took the elephant half an hour to die. Shamefully, he had solely done it to avoid looking like a fool. The theme in, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, is that people decide on outrageous choices only to please others. Situations turn out differently based on the choices that are made. Orwell made his choice and the effect was a dead elephant. During that time, he failed to grasp the fact that you must not go against your own wishes for others.

Albert Einstein Essay Hook Example For Students

Albert Einstein Essay Hook Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was an important person who changed the world of science. People referred to him as a genius, and as one of the smartest people in theworld. Einstein devoted himself to solving the mysteries of the world, and hechanged the way science is looked at today. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany.Albertsspeech was late in development; he didnt start talking until he was about three. Since he started talking late, his parents thought he was retarded. Hisexplanation was that he consciously skipped baby babbling, waiting until hecould speak in complete sentences(Brian 1). Einstein had a very bad temper whenhe was young; he got mad and hit his sister Maja in the head with a garden hoeand cracked her skull. When he was in school, his teachers thought he wasmentally retarded because he ignored whatever bored him and attacked anything hehad interest in. Einstein was twenty-one years old when he got married. His marriagealmost didnt take place because Mileva, his fiance, thought he had an affair. Einstein decided to go to America to tell other scientists about histheory of relativity. He brought his wife and several freinds with him. Whenthey got there, they were stormed with reporters and camera-men who wanted toknow about his theories. He went around to different areas and gave speechesand lectures. When he appeared at Union Station to lecture, there was almost ariot because so many people wanted to see him. Einsteins most famous theory was the theory of relativity. Einsteinstarted his theory of relativity at the age of sixteen (Encyclopedia 511). Hereceived the Nobel prize for his famous theory. Another famous scientifictheory he discovered was E=MC2 (energy equals mass times the speed of lightsquared). That theory made the atomic bomb possible. At dawn on July 16, theatomic structure of the world was revealed when Einsteins famous equation E=MC2came to life with a bang(Brian 344). He was famous for his philosophies too. besides the theory of relativity, he discovered the theory of motion. Themotions of bodies included in a given (vehicle) are the same among themselveswhether that (vehicle) is at rest or in uniform motion (Hoffman 63). WhenEinstein was a kid, he devoted himself to solving the mysteries of the world. On April 18, 1955, Einstein died in his sleep. On his desk lay his lastcomplete statement, written to honor Isreali Independence day. It read in part:What I seek to accomplish is simply to serve with my feeble capacity truth andjustice at the risk of pleasing noone. (Encyclopedia 513). Albert Einstein was smart as a child, but no one understood him, and hewas punished for it. Albert Einstein discovered the theories of relativity, andmotion as well as the atomic bomb. Einstein was one of the most important peoplein science, and he dedicated his life to changing the world. Works CitedBrian, Dennis. Einstein a Life. New York: John Whiley and Sons,Inc., 1996. Einstein, Albert. Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol.6. 15thedition. Hoffmann, Banesh. Albert Einstein Creator and Rebel. NewYork: Penguin Books, 1972.

Men will be Women Essays - Gender, Masculinity, Literature, Biology

Men will be Women Being men means something today that is completely different to the definition of past generations; This is true for any time period. Primitively, being a man meant to be fearless and tough in order to protect and feed their people, it was male nature. As time progresses, this definition was ever so slightly modified to a point where men are expected to be tamed and act as a male version of women. Men are animals by nature, and like animals men require certain necessities in order to keep calm. Chuck Palahniuk, in his book titled Fight Club, using toxic masculinity explores a fictional scenario in which men find a way to release this primitive tension and masculinity stored through the years from a macro-perspective in order to escape from a world where men are expected to suppress their male nature. Men are no longer the image of strong figures that put their lives in danger every day in order to provide and protect their people. From a macro-perspective, men have been changed alongside history itself in order to better fit social standards set by women. Fight Club explores toxic masculinity, the side of men that is not good for society. According to Harris O'Malley in his article titled, " The Difference Between Toxic Masculinity and Being A Man", Toxic masculinity is a concept with questionable origins that describes men who do not live up social standards, " for many people, the toxic ideas of masculinity are synonymous with being a man"(par 4). To simply be men is already a big offense. From a macro-perspective, men have been driven to avoid male nature by slowly turning men into what is believed to be the ideal man, a female version of men. From a micro-perspective, a male child told that he cannot cry because it is not the manly thing to d o, will store all the tension and eventually release it all at once. This is true for all the expectations for men today: boys will be boys, men think about sex every 7 seconds, men can't be friends with women, real men fight, etc. According to Kali Holloway , in her article titled "Toxic Masculinity Is Killing Men: The Roots of Men and Trauma", "...male infants actually behave in ways our society defines as feminine' " (par. 3), furthermore proving that we are both unconsciously and consciously driving men since childhood to be female. Kali Holloway states that "... social constructions of femininity demand that women be thin, beautiful, accommodating, and some unattainable balance of virginal and fuckable, social constructions of masculinity demand that men constantly prove and re-prove the very fact that they are, well, men" (par. 1), stating that men are not the only affected by social standards. Women are also affected, some may argue that even more than men. Holloway s tates, " B oth ideas are poisonous and potentially destructive, but statistically speaking, the number of addicted and afflicted men and their comparatively shorter lifespans proves masculinity is actually the more effective killer"(par 2). Though women may or may not be affected by more social standards, they are free to express their opinion and feelings on the matter. On the other hand, "...[men] are not only told they should suppress their emotions, but that their manliness essentially depends on them doing so" (par 7). Being a man means something completely different today, than it did the past generations. Being a man depends whether or not you can act according to female nature and the standards set by said nature. In Fight Club , the narrator finds the way to express his male nature through the way of Tyler, a persona created within himself. Tyler could do as he pleased and explore male nature at will, something the narrator has never been able to do. The narrator is the representation of men trapped in the standards of society that find a way to break free from such standards. Palahniuk describes the narrator as the way men should be according to social standards: white, heterosexual, with a degree, a job, and a furnished apartment. When the narrator realizes he checked all the boxed for the ideal man,

Japanese Lessons

Japanese Lessons Following is the complete list of my free online Japanese lessons. If you are new to the language and dont know where to start learning, try my  Learn to Speak Japanese  page. If you would like to learn how to write, my  Japanese Writing for Beginners  is a good place to start learning hiragana, katakana and kanji. As for listening practice, try my Japanese Audio Files  page. You will also find many other tools on my site to help you learn. A great way to keep track of all the updates on my site is by signing up for my free language newsletters. The Word of the Day E-course will give you something new to study each day. The Weekly Newsletter will provide you with all the featured content that has appeared on my site. You can also see what other learners have asked in my Question of the Week link. In addition to the newsletters, my site also has Phrase of the Day Lessons. Phrase of the Day helps you to think in Japanese while you are doing common tasks throughout the day. It will help you get more into the Japanese mindset and grasp the structure of the language. You can also try out my Simple Japanese Phrases if you are more of a beginner. They are great to use if you happen to have a Japanese friend to practice with. Another great way to help you learn a language is to make it fun. Try out my Quizzes and Games link for lots of fun exercises that will make learning even more enjoyable. The more you keep something fun and fresh, the more youll want to keep doing it. Learning about culture is also an effective way to stimulate learning. The Japanese language is closely tied with its culture, so it is a fascinating and useful way to learn. It is really difficult to learn a language if you dont have a grasp of the culture. You can also try out my Reading Practice, which contains stories about culture and life, but are written in kanji, hiragana and katakana. Not to worry as they also contain an English translation and an easy to read romaji revision. Introduction to Japanese * Learn to Speak Japanese - Thinking of learning Japanese and want to know more, start here. * Introductory Lessons - If you are ready   to learn Japanese, start here. * Basic Lessons - Confident with the basic lessons or want to brush up, go here. * Grammar/Expressions - Verbs, adjectives, particles, pronouns, useful expressions and more. Japanese Writing * Japanese Writing for Beginners - Introduction to Japanese writing. * Kanji Lessons - Are you interested in kanji? Here you will find the most commonly used kanji characters.   * Hiragana Lessons - Here you will find all 46 hiragana and how to write them. * Learn Hiragana with Japanese Culture - Lessons to practice hiragana with Japanese cultural examples. * Katakana Lessons - Here you will find all 46 katakana and how to write them. Listening Comprehension and Pronunciation   * Japanese Audio Files - Use them on a regular basis to improve your speech. * Japanese Language Videos   - Free instructional videos to improve your comprehension. Japanese Vocabulary * Simple Japanese Phrases - Try these simple phrases whenever you have a chance. * Japanese Phrase of the Day - Think in Japanese when you do these daily actions. * Japanese Word of the Day - Learn a new Japanese word every day. Reading Practice * Japanese Reading Practice - Short Japanese essays about daily life and culture.   Other Japanese Lessons * Question of the Week - Useful questions about the Japanese language from viewers. * Japanese Quizzes and Games * Articles about Japanese Language and Culture Free Japanese Language Newsletters * Weekly Japanese Language Newsletter * Daily Japanese Word of the Day E-course

Causal Argument video games make children obesity Essay

Causal Argument video games make children obesity - Essay Example All the above causes have been substantively evaluated and proven to have a direct impact on obesity; however, debates have recently ensued, concerning the relationship between video games and obesity. According to a study by WHO, video games are the leading cause of obesity in young children and teenagers; the research further shows that a third of children in different parts of the world are overweight (Ingham). Video games make children fat, given that screen time takes away time for healthy lifestyle habits such as dieting and vigorous games. This paper will examine the premise that video games make children fat, by highlighting a number of facts in the relationship between obesity and video games. One way in which video games cause obesity in children is that video games replace active play and exercise, thus making the children physically unfit. It is advertent knowledge that obesity is high in those people who do not exercise regularly to flush out excess calories in their bod ies (â€Å"Obesity’). This is so because vigorous physical exercises require a lot of energy; the body can only get by burning the excess fats stored in the body as an alternative source of energy. Physical activity also tends to reduce the levels of hunger in obese individuals, besides enhancing their bodies’ ability to metabolize fats. ... Many studies have recently shown that, on average, children absorb up to 163 more calories when playing video games than they would when not playing (â€Å"Video games make kids fat – study†). This trend has been linked to the emotional stress that video games have on children, creating the need for a reward; unfortunately, children tend to eat mainly sweet and fatty foods thus further aggravating the risk for obesity. Dietary strategies are not an option for children who are involved in video games because, being highly addictive, the video games make children insensitive to nutrition. The glee of fatty, sugary foods is every child’s ultimate reward for the extreme mental and emotional stress that accompanies playing video games. Coupled with a lack of vigorous physical exercise, excess calories in children are a complete recipe for obesity. Obesity also results from psychological factors such as negative emotions of boredom, anger or sadness (â€Å"Obesityâ₠¬ ); all these emotions are common in children during video games. Studies have shown that many overweight people usually have emotional or psychological problems, which affect their eating habits accordingly. When playing video games, children are prone to extreme emotional stress or psychological problems, which emanate from their high involvement in the video games. For instance, a simple act of losing a fight in a video game may provoke feelings of anger or sadness in children, thus causing emotional instability. In the event of such emotional or psychological instability, children often tend to act out in defiance response to the feelings of loss, anger or sadness. In most cases, children will respond to negative feelings of anger and frustration by eating more

CMT3321 Coursework 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CMT3321 Coursework 1 - Essay Example The game was designed and tested with an interactive technology and a prototype mobile. Finally, the paper confirms the hypothesis dealing with technology rich modeling because the children’s feedback dealt with the realized interaction, and aspects of social and play interactions were put in real context. Methodological studies in children and interaction fields have concentrated on how children are involved in the processes of design and ways that children can offer input on interaction designs. Prominent illustrations include the participatory mechanisms to design, early design methodologies, Mission from Mars, or mechanisms that involve children during evaluation of interactive products. Previous research studies have put less attention to the tools and methods of prototyping. This paper also considers the position in the children’s game design that supports interactions that are embodied, mostly those played by children outdoors together. The papers also summarize methodological techniques in the wider Human Computer Interaction field, explain the literature of game designs approaches the topic and specifies some challenges of the present design approaches when the game is designed. A crucial theme in Human Computer Interaction methodology is concerned with prototype fidelity. The term prototype is ambiguous at its best; ranging from paper prototype, functioning, sketches, and interactive products. Prototype is used in many phases in the process of design and in various roles; for designers to look into the design space as one of the communication instrument to convey information to other stakeholders and as an analysis tool in testing the concept with users. Paper prototyping is one way to explore the space of designs without incurring design costs and to come up with early user feedback on certain aspects of action design (Lewis & Bedson, 2009). Those who support paper prototyping have argued that the software

How a new company deal with orgnizational behavior in a new country Essay

How a new company deal with orgnizational behavior in a new country - Essay Example nced by, or learnt from their superiors since an enabling organizational behavior can be achieved if leaders set a good example to employees, and practice ethical behavior towards everyone in the organization. Leaders need to be emphatic, and be considerate on how such as decision shall affect the total morale and attitudes of the organization as a whole (Bonin, 2012). In addition, the notion of leaders giving instructions or making ethical judgments, while they themselves do not apply it would create a negative impression on employees hence affect organizational behavior. Secondly, the author relates the influence of changing technology on organizational behavior, and organization as a whole. He argues that changes in technology create a competitive advantage for the organization, and if handled well it enables the organization to increase its bottom line. Moreover, when these changes are introduced to the organization they usually lead to the production of higher quality products and services. With this change in technology, employees work performance may be affected as they have to adapt to these changes. Changes in technology may affect the employees work performance negatively; in turn, increase work related stress among them. This stress levels affect them physically and mentally and if not handled well shall affect the work performance of employees, reduce job satisfaction and in the long run the overall organizational output (Bonin, 2012). The article provides a solution in handling this work related stress in the workplace that may be caused by technological change. It states that in order to create better organizational behavior among employees, organizations need to provide training to employees on the changes in technology to enable them adapt well. There is also need to provide information on literature on stress, and if possible provide counseling to employees to help reduce stress. In the case of a new company in a new country, it should consider

Causes And Effects Of Drought Stress Environmental Sciences Essay

Causes And Effects Of Drought Stress Environmental Sciences Essay Drought can be defined as the absence of rainfall and water or irrigation for a period of time sufficient to deplete soil moisture and injure plants (Plantlifeonline.net, 2007). In short, drought is a period of time without rainfall. The drought is one of the most serious global issues for agriculture field and need to harsh precaution need to be taken immediately. Four-tenths of the worlds agricultural land lies in arid or semi-arid regions especially in Africa. Meanwhile, drought stress is defined as effects of some period of plants that involve plant water relationships. According to Farooq et al. (2008) drought stress reduces and decreases the size of plants leaf, extension of stem and proliferation of roots that disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency. While ForestryNepal(n.d.) defined that drought stress occurs when the available water in the soil is reduced and  atmospheric conditions cause continuous loss of water by transpiration or  evaporation. Drought stress tolerance can be found in almost all plants but its extent varies  from species to species and even within species. It is characterized by  reduction of water content, diminished leaf water potential and turgor loss, closure,  nutrient metabolism and growth promoters. Plants display a variety of physiological and biochemical responses at cellular and whole organism levels towards prevailing drought stress, thus making it a complex phenomenon. Based on Bishop(n.d) report, many variables play a part in reaching drought conditions, these include lack of natural rainfall, types of soil, air temperature, humidity, conditions of wind, exposure of sun, and also plant type or root depth that increase pant water loss. Drought stress can affect the growth of plants in various ways. One of the effects is the priming on seed performance of several plants due to lack of natural rainfall. For example of plant that can be affected from this problem is Canola plant (Brassica napus L.). Based on the report of Mohammadi and Amiri(2010) , Canola plant is one of the most important oil seed crops which its production has been notably extended during recent years in Iran and due to lack of rainfall at planting time and the seeds are common planted in seedbeds having unfavorable moisture. The drought stress is responsible for both inhibition and delayed seed germination and seedling establishment of Canola. Consequently, this stress adversely affects growth and development of crop and also results into low Canola yield. There is a decrease in water uptake both during imbibition and seedling establishment under this stress condition. Tutorvista(n.d.) stated that imbibitions process is the phenomenon of adsorption of water by the solid particles of a substance without forming a solution. Furthermore, inhibition of radicle also occurs due to the effect of stress condition. The inhibition emergence is mainly because of a decrease in water potential gradient between the external environment and the seeds. In addition, the seed priming has been successfully proved and demonstrated to improve germination and emergence in seeds of many crops and plants, especially under stress conditions. The seed priming is a technique that starts the germination process in the lab or plant. Moreover, the basic chemical reactions or framework for the seed to germinate and for the process to occur efficiently in the lab or plant, high moisture and ideal temperature condition are needed (Hariss, n.d.). Secondly is that the drought stress can affects the photosynthetic rate and leaf gas exchange of plants. Siddique et al. (1998) reported that, drought stress effects on photosynthetic rate and leaf gas exchange characteristics. The experiment had been done to four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars which were evaluated under semi-controlled conditions. According to Siddiques observation, four cultivars which were Kanchan, Sonalika, Kalyansona, and C306, grown in pots and were subjected to four levels of water stress. However, cultivars that showed the highest photosynthesis rates both at vegetative and at anthesis among others is the Kalyansona. They had concluded that the exposure of plants to drought stress led to noticeable decrease in photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and mesophyll conductance and a concomitant increase in intercellular CO2 concentration. The plants that were subjected to drought at the early vegetative stage displayed similar physiological characters subsequently under well-watered conditions as compared with control. Therefore, the photosynthesis rates decreased with decrease in stomatal conductance, but a weak relationship between them implied that non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis might have been in operation. The involvement of CO2 concentration and assimilation was described in Farooq et al. (2008) report. The CO2  assimilation by the leaves is reduced mainly by the closure of the stomata, damaged the membrane and disturbed activity of various enzymes in the plants, especially those of O2  fixation and adenosine triphosphate(ATP) synthesis. Moreover, the enhancement of metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway had increased the oxidative load on the tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species. The damage and injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth.

Obadiah The Prophet :: essays research papers

Prophet - One who utters divinely inspired revelations That is how the word prophet is defined in Webster’s dictionary, but a prophet is much more. A prophet is someone who is chosen by God to convey his message to the people; a middleman between God and his people. A prophet is someone who God selects as the embodiment of himself. Someone that people will listen to. Someone with a presence. Now the prophets did not all lead perfect lives, but they all had a bond with the Lord that could not be matched. The Prophets were holy people but they were in no way God-like. They were humble people that gladly served their God. This summary of a prophet is what most people believe the prophet Obadiah was like. Obadiah, the shortest book in the Old Testament consisting of only one chapter, is the pronouncement of doom against an ancient and long-forgotten nation, the land of Edom. It was written in 587 B.C.E, after the destruction of Jerusalem. But there is more to this book than that. The Scriptures have that ability of appearing to be one thing on the surface, but on a deeper level, yielding rich and mighty treasures. This is definitely true for the short, but meaningful book of Obadiah. We know very little about Obadiah except that he was one of the minor prophets. There is a reference to a prophet Obadiah in the days of Elijah and Elisha and there is some thought that perhaps he is the same man. The name Obadiah was a very common name among the Hebrews though, and it is very likely this is not the same prophet, for in this book Obadiah mentions the day when Jerusalem was destroyed, captured by the alien armies, and that occurs long after the time of Elijah and Elisha. So most Bible commentators believe the author of this book was a contemporary of the prophet Jeremiah, the last of the prophets before Israel went into captivity. The name Obadiah means "the servant of Jehovah;" He fulfills the position of a servant. He comes and does his work and fades into the background; he delivers his message and he is gone. That is about all we know about the man behind this book. The book of Obadiah tells the story of two nations, the nation of Israel and the nation of Edom, the country to the south of Israel that is now usually referred to as the Negeb.

Philosophy Afrterlife Reformation Essay

The ancient philosophers of Greek and Rome generally believed the world to be eternal, meaning, that the world had no beginning, and thus, it can never have an end, too. The people who had pondered about the origins of life here on earth, and about life after this present existence ends, have been segregated into many sects and categories. For the Stoics [1] our universe undergoes the shifting courses of expansion and contraction in perpetuity – from fire the universe expands into cooler and denser forms, contracts again in order to become fire, and so on in an eternal fashion. To the followers of Aristotle, according the author Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know,   â€Å"this world of ours has always existed and always will, and God did not create this world.†(90) Yet, even the followers of Aristotle, were divided as far as their opinions went. Jostein Gaarder provides as much in Sophie’s World by indicating that to a select number of these Aristotelians the world â€Å"†¦is like a big clockwork machine in which after a very long interval all the parts come back to the same positions, and the same sequence of events then happens again, over and over eternally; human beings and their actions are part of the clockwork, so everything in human history has already happened an infinite number of times already, and will happen again an infinite number of times in the future.† (67) Still in Gaarder’s Sophies World, we read that the early Christians and their faith in the sacred Scriptures believed that their, â€Å"God created the world a relatively short time ago, exercises continual providence in human history, and will eventually end it, perhaps in the not too distant future, and conduct a grand accounting. Life after death will go on for ever, but life on earth takes place within a fixed and relatively short timeframe, with a beginning, middle, and an end.† (72) There is a Christian saint in the person of St. Augustine who, â€Å"†¦scorned the Stoic concept of the happy life as inadequate, and proclaimed that in the next life true happiness will be found.† (45) But, according to St. Augustine, â€Å"they did not say much about what it would be like.† (46) St. Augustine went on further to write that, â€Å"†¦it is as if they were content to leave it to God – we can be sure that whatever is required to make human beings happy will be provided.†(57) The Stoics, in the opinion of the said Christian saint, â€Å"were not much interested in theorizing about happiness in this life, because not everyone can achieve it, it is not important to achieve, it is not of much significance in comparison with the happiness of the next life.† (93)   In Robert Longman’s, Medieval Aristotelians, the author writes that the medieval Aristotelians, â€Å"theorized about the happiness of the next life, adapting Aristotle’s ideas for the purpose: the happiness of heaven consists of intuitive knowledge of God himself.† (385) Lastly, in St. Augustine’s own City of God, St. Augustine postulates that â€Å"the elect are those who are predestined to happiness in the next life.† (990)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The philosopher, Rene Descartes immortalized the philosophical tenet of, â€Å"I think, therefore, I am.† In Dan Kaufman’s Divine Simplicity and the Eternal Truths in Descartes, we come to have a greater understanding about the view of Descartes regarding the afterlife of man. For Descartes, there is a God who is the composer and man who is the composed and composite. [2] Descartes philosophizes that, â€Å"†¦ man’s life, death, and life after death is dependent on the will, intellect and understanding of God.† (14) Hence, if this is so, for Rene Descartes, if God is the cause of man, then man depends on God also, even in the matter of man’s death. Rene Descartes had studied the nature of man and he had stressed the reality behind man’s divisibility. We can say that if, for Descartes, man is: mind and body, thought and extension, and a corporeal being who is believed to be someone who knows that he exists if he is inclined to the process of thinking; then, it can be derived that man’s death comes when man ceases to think. The ‘I’ cannot think, the ‘I’ does not think, the ‘I’[ as already mentioned ] ceases to think, indeed, the ‘I’ can no longer think—most importantly- and the ‘I’ can no longer declare, â€Å" Therefore, I am†. And so, from this cessation of thought, the status quo of man’s existence becomes of this, â€Å"†¦he does not think, therefore, he is not.† (99) In fact, philosophically, the ‘he’ is no longer, an ‘I’. Life after death, we can gain from reading the works of Descartes, would be, according to this philosopher, a state of being that is entirely dependent on God’s will. Man no longer has a say in it, for he is no longer capable of thinking. John Hobbes’s Leviathan bears a duality of natured characteristics which stamp it with the mark of genius. Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know discusses the Leviathan, at length, by describing it in this way, â€Å"In the first place, it is a work of great imaginative power, which shows how the whole fabric of human life and society is built up out of simple elements. And, in the second place, it is distinguished by a remarkable logical consecutiveness, so that there are very few places in which any lack of coherence can be detected in the thought.† (1001) Sulmner writes how it, â€Å"is true that the social order, as Hobbes presents it, produces an impression of artificiality; but this is hardly an objection, for it was his deliberate aim to show the artifice by which it had been constructed and the danger which lay in any interference with the mechanism.† (1024) The author goes on further to include that, â€Å"It is true, also, that the state of nature and the social contract are fictions passed off as facts; but, even to this objection, an answer might be made from within the bounds of his [Hobbes’s] theory. It is in his premises, not in his reasoning, that the error lies. If human nature were as selfish and anarchical as he represents it, then morality and the political order could arise and flourish only by its restraint, and the alternative would be, as he describes it, between complete insecurity and absolute power. But, if his view of man be mistaken, then the whole fabric of his thought crumbles. When we recognize that the individual is neither real nor intelligible apart from his social origin and traditions, and that the social factor influences his thought and motives, the opposition between self and others becomes less fundamental, the abrupt alternatives of Hobbes’s thoughts lose their validity and it is possible to regard morality and the state as expressing the ideal and sphere of human activity, and not as simply the chains by which man’s unruly passions are kept in check.† (1037) For Hobbes, according to Sulmner, â€Å"for as long as the state of nature endures, life is insecure and wretched. Man cannot improve this state, but he can get out of it; therefore, the fundamental law of nature is to seek peace and follow it; and, from this, emerges the second law, that, for the sake of peace, a man should be willing to lay down his right to all things, when other men are, also, willing to do so. From these two are derived all the laws of nature of the moralists. The laws of nature are immutable and eternal.† (1048). And so, for Hobbes, life after death, would be the experience of absolute escape from his present state of life here on earth. Jostein Gaarder provides a chapter in Sophie’s World on how, â€Å"John Locke opened a new way for English philosophy.† (261) Locke had patterned his philosophies from those of Francis Bacon, Hobbes, and the other forefathers of modern philosophy. Sophie’s World presents how, â€Å"Bacon had done more: he had found dangers and defects in the natural working of men’s minds, and had devised means to correct them. But Locke went a step further, and undertook a systematic investigation of the human understanding with a view to determining something else—namely, the truth and certainty of knowledge, and the grounds of belief, on all matters about which men are in the habit of making assertions.† (262) In his manner, Locke introduced a new method of philosophical enquiry, which is, â€Å"now known as a theory of knowledge, or epistemology; and, in this respect, he was the precursor of Kant and anticipated what Kant called the critical method.† (279)    Sophie’s World also provides us with this knowledge of how, â€Å"we have Locke’s own account of the origin of the problem in his mind. He struck out a new way because he found the old paths blocked. Five or six friends were conversing in his room, probably in London and in the winter of 1670–1, â€Å"on a subject very remote from this†; the subject, as we learn from another member of the party, was the â€Å"principles of morality and revealed religion†; but difficulties arose on every side, and no progress was made. Then, he goes on to say, it came into my thoughts that we took a wrong course, and that before we set ourselves upon inquires of that nature, it was necessary to examine our own abilities, and see what objects our understandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with.† (262) Again, Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know writes about Locke, â€Å"At the request of his friends, Locke agreed to set down his thoughts on this question against their next meeting; and he expected that a single sheet of paper would suffice for the purpose. So little did he realize the magnitude of the issues which he raised and which were to occupy his leisure for nearly twenty years.† (2765)    Sulmner informs by highlighting, â€Å"Locke’s interest centers in the traditional problems—the nature of self, the world and God, and the grounds of our knowledge of them. We reach these questions only in the fourth and last book of the Essay. But to them the enquiry of the first three books is preliminary, though it has, and Locke saw that it had, an importance of its own. His introductory sentences make this plain: Since it is the understanding that sets man above the rest of sensible beings, and gives him all the advantage and dominion which he has over them; it is certainly a subject, even for its nobleness, worth our labor to inquire into. The understanding, like the eye, while it makes us see and perceive all other things, takes no notice of itself; and it requires art and pains to set it at a distance and make it its own object. But whatever be the difficulties that lie in the way of this inquiry; whatever it be that keeps us so much in the dark to ourselves; sure I am that all the light we can let in upon our minds, all the acquaintance we can make with our own understandings, will not only be very pleasant, but bring us great advantage, in directing our thoughts in the search of other things. â€Å"(2766)   What Students of Philosophy Should Know concludes for us that, â€Å"Locke will not ‘meddle with the physical consideration of the mind’; he has no theory about its essence or its relation to the body; at the same time, he has no doubt that, if due pains be taken, the understanding can be studied like anything else: we can observe its objects and the ways in which it operates upon them. All the objects of the understanding are described as ideas, and ideas are spoken of as being in the mind. Locke’s first problem, therefore, is to trace the origin and history of ideas, and the ways in which the understanding operates upon them, in order that he may be able to see what knowledge is and how far it reaches.† (2800) In Sulmner’s book, we can read that, â€Å"This wide use of the term â€Å"idea† is inherited from Descartes. The term in modern psychology which corresponds with it most nearly is â€Å"presentation.† But presentation is, strictly, only one variety of Locke’s idea, which includes, also, representation and image, percept, and concept or notion. His usage of the term thus differs so widely from the old Platonic meaning that the danger of confusion between them is not great. It suited the author’s purpose, also, from being a familiar word in ordinary discourse as well as in the language of philosophers. Herein, however, lay a danger from which he did not escape. In common usage â€Å"idea† carries with it a suggestion of contrast with reality; and the opposition which the â€Å"new way of ideas† excited was due to the doubt which it seemed to cast on the claim of knowledge to be ‘a knowledge of real things’.(2817) Perhaps, for Locke, life after death, is something that can be located in man’s mind. This is what we can gather from studies of philosophers, throughout history, about life after death: 1.) in the next life true happiness will be found, 2.) the happiness of heaven consists of intuitive knowledge of God himself, 3.) a state of being that is entirely dependent on God’s will, 4.) life after death, would be the experience of absolute escape from his present state of life here on earth, and finally, 5.)something that can be located in man’s mind. And as for the matter, of which would be true amongst these theories? Well, we shall see which, but in the next life. WORKS CITED De Torre, Joseph M. The Humanism of Modern Philosophy,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3d ed. Madrid: Solaris Press, 1999. Gaarder, Jostein. Sophie’s World. London: Phoenix Books, 1996;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reprint, Phoenix Books,1998. Kaufmann, Dan. Divine Simplicity and the Eternal Truths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Descartes.   British Journal for the History of Philosophy: UK, Vol. ii   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Issue 4, 2003. Longman, Robert.   Medieval Aristotelians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Translated by Thomas Charles. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Random House Publishing, 1992. Sulmner, Leopold.What Students of Philosophy Should Know. Singapore: Allyn and Bacon, 1996. [1] De Torre, Joseph M. The Humanism of Modern Philosophy,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3d ed. Madrid: Solaris Press, 1999. [2] Man in being composed[composite], has external parts and a soul. He is divisible, according to his parts. And he is created by God, the composer.

The Black Plague Essays - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic, Epidemics

The Black Plague Essays - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic, Epidemics The Black Plague : From the early fourteenth to late seventeenth century, Europe was decimated by one of the most horrifying pestilence's human kind has ever known(Coulton 493). The killer's name was later to be recognized by the detrimental consummation it had seized upon a person's life. It was known as the Black Plague. This terrible epidemic exhausted small towns across Europe, including the British Isles, brutally killing an incredulous amount of people. The disease had wiped out entire villages leaving dead bodies to decompose within the gutters of streets and corners of allies(Ziegler 17). Though people were introduced to the severity of the plague, they were still mystified as to the causes of the deadly disease. Because of this fact, a parade of unconfirmed myths and questionable facts had arisen concerning the sources of the abhorrent epidemic for over five centuries(Coulton 493). In the nineteenth century, the causes of the terrifying pestilence was discovered and the Black Death was no longer a conundrum. One myth, of the origin of the deadly plague was said to be a result of medieval gas warfare. Yet another myth, stated that the murderous disease was an aftereffect of a great earthquake that occurred in Europe. Scientists even believed that the epidemic was caused by Paolilli 2 heaps of unburned corpses left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 80). The last proven cause of the pestilence was found to be a disease of rats and other related animals(Rowling 186). One of the myths as to the cause of the Black Plague is quite an unusual story that was formed by peoples unexplainable imaginations. One of the probable derivations of the epidemic supposedly was born in a terrible war that had occurred between the deadly waters of the Indian Ocean and the sun(Ziegler 14). The immense waters of the treacherous blue ocean were lifted up like a solid wall of concrete to fight the flaming sun. As the wall stood in the midst of the air still touching the base of the water, dangerous vapors began to disperse from the water. The high winds spurred the poisonous fumes spurred out in every direction(Ziegler 14). The plague reached the nearby lands and the epidemic began to take it's murderous route. This myth arose from small villages as people spread rumor after rumor from the stories they had once heard as to the unexplainable causes of the plague. Though this tale is entirely nonsensical, people were still mystified because of the secrecy as to the causes that they were eager to believe any explanation that there was to offer concerning the deadly plague. Paolilli 3 Another myth, as to the beginning of the dreadful virus, is it arose from poisonous fumes as a direct result of earthquakes that occurred during the Medieval times. It was stated that a horrendous amount of pressure had been building up underneath the Earth for several years(Ziegler 21). Poisonous gases then began to stir amongst each other. Then terrible earthquakes had rocked Europe and the poisonous fumes, that were once enclosed by the several layers of earth, were now being released through cracks into the atmosphere. This viperous cloud streamed across Europe and killed each individual who it met(Ziegler 21). Next, it was stated that the epidemic was caused by innumerable layers of unburned corpses that were left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 81). A man named Galen had stated, The infection arose from 'Inspiration of air infected with a putrid exhalation. The beginning of the putrescence may be a multitude of unburned corpses, as may happen in war; or the exhalations of marshes and ponds in the summer?'(Ziegler 22). A Dr. Crighton also supported the findings that the plague had originated within the piles of dead corpses that were left unburied. He stated that specific incidents that would explain the tremendous amount of people left dead are directly related to the tragedies that had struck Paolilli 4 China(Ziegler 24). He also concluded that, the probable reason why there was such a high death rate among church affiliated persons is the dead were buried in churchyards where the priests and monks lived close to. The church related people had obtained cadaveric poisoning from the enormous amount of dead bodies and diseases

The Worlds Most Endangered Frogs

The Worlds Most Endangered Frogs Frogs are the most numerous of the worlds amphibians, but they are rapidly declining, and many species are actually facing the imminent threat of extinction. Pollution, global warming, and habitat destruction from human development have already taken a serious toll, reports Animal Planet. Frogs, in particular, have suffered, having lost an estimated 170 species in the last 10 years alone. Frogs are also affected by a singular danger that is threatening their populations worldwide: the chytrid fungus, which coats frogs skin and seals out vital moisture and kills frogs by dehydration. Adenomus dasi Agalychnis moreletii Albericus siegfriedi Alexteroon jynx Allobates juanii Alsodes montanus Alsodes tumultuosus Alsodes vanzolinii Ameerega ingeri Ameerega planipaleae Amietophrynus taiensis Andinophryne colomai Anodonthyla vallani Aromobates leopardalis Aromobates meridensis Aromobates nocturnus Arthroleptella rugosa Arthroleptis kidogo Arthroleptis troglodytes Astylosternus nganhanus Atelopus andinus Atelopus angelito Atelopus arsyecue Atelopus arthuri Atelopus balios Atelopus bomolochos Atelopus boulengeri Atelopus carauta Atelopus carbonerensis Atelopus carrikeri Atelopus chiriquiensis Atelopus chocoensis Atelopus chrysocorallus Atelopus coynei Atelopus cruciger Atelopus ebenoides Atelopus elegans Atelopus epikeisthos Atelopus erythropus Atelopus eusebianus Atelopus eusebiodiazi Atelopus exiguus Atelopus famelicus Atelopus farci Atelopus galactogaster Atelopus glyphus Atelopus guanujo Atelopus guitarraensis Atelopus halihelos Atelopus laetissimus Atelopus lozanoi Atelopus lynchi Atelopus mandingues Atelopus mindoensis Atelopus minutulus Atelopus monohernandezii Atelopus mucubajiensis Atelopus muisca Atelopus nahumae Atelopus nanay Atelopus nepiozomus Atelopus nicefori Atelopus onorei Atelopus oxyrhynchus Atelopus pachydermus Atelopus patazensis Atelopus pedimarmoratus Atelopus peruensis Atelopus petersi Atelopus petriruizi Atelopus pictiventris Atelopus pinangoi Atelopus planispina Atelopus pulcher Atelopus pyrodactylus Atelopus quimbaya Atelopus reticulatus Atelopus seminiferus Atelopus senex Atelopus sernai Atelopus simulatus Atelopus sonsonensis Atelopus sorianoi Atelopus subornatus Atelopus tamaense Atelopus varius Atelopus walkeri Atelopus zeteki Atopophrynus syntomopus Bokermannohyla izecksohni Boophis williamsi Bromeliohyla dendroscarta Callulina hanseni Callulina kanga Callulina laphami Callulina shengena Callulina stanleyi Cardioglossa alsco Cardioglossa trifasciata Centrolene ballux Centrolene gemmatum Centrolene heloderma Charadrahyla altipotens Charadrahyla trux Churamiti maridadi Colostethus jacobuspetersi Conraua derooi Cophixalus concinnus Cophyla berara Craugastor anciano Craugastor andi Craugastor angelicus Craugastor catalinae Craugastor coffeus Craugastor cruzi Craugastor emcelae Craugastor emleni Craugastor epochthidius Craugastor fecundus Craugastor fleischmanni Craugastor glaucus Craugastor greggi Craugastor guerreroensis Craugastor lineatus Craugastor megalotympanum Craugastor merendonensis Craugastor milesi Craugastor olanchano Craugastor omoaensis Craugastor polymniae Craugastor pozo Craugastor ranoides Craugastor saltuarius Craugastor stadelmani Craugastor tabasarae Craugastor taurus Craugastor trachydermus Cryptobatrachus nicefori Cycloramphus faustoi Dendropsophus amicorum Discoglossus nigriventer Duellmanohyla salvavida Duellmanohyla soralia Duellmanohyla uranochroa Duttaphrynus sumatranus Ecnomiohyla echinata Ecnomiohyla rabborum Ecnomiohyla salvaje Ecnomiohyla valancifer Eleutherodactylus albipes Eleutherodactylus alticola Eleutherodactylus amadeus Eleutherodactylus apostates Eleutherodactylus bakeri Eleutherodactylus bartonsmithi Eleutherodactylus blairhedgesi Eleutherodactylus bresslerae Eleutherodactylus brevirostris Eleutherodactylus caribe Eleutherodactylus cavernicola Eleutherodactylus chlorophenax Eleutherodactylus corona Eleutherodactylus cubanus Eleutherodactylus darlingtoni Eleutherodactylus dixoni Eleutherodactylus dolomedes Eleutherodactylus eneidae Eleutherodactylus eunaster Eleutherodactylus fowleri Eleutherodactylus furcyensis Eleutherodactylus fuscus Eleutherodactylus glandulifer Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides Eleutherodactylus grandis Eleutherodactylus griphus Eleutherodactylus iberia Eleutherodactylus jasperi Eleutherodactylus jaumei Eleutherodactylus juanariveroi Eleutherodactylus jugans Eleutherodactylus junori Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Eleutherodactylus lamprotes Eleutherodactylus leoncei Eleutherodactylus locustus Eleutherodactylus lucioi Eleutherodactylus mariposa Eleutherodactylus nortoni Eleutherodactylus orcutti Eleutherodactylus orientalis Eleutherodactylus oxyrhyncus Eleutherodactylus parabates Eleutherodactylus parapelates Eleutherodactylus paulsoni Eleutherodactylus pezopetrus Eleutherodactylus poolei Eleutherodactylus rhodesi Eleutherodactylus richmondi Eleutherodactylus rivularis Eleutherodactylus rufescens Eleutherodactylus rufifemoralis Eleutherodactylus schmidti Eleutherodactylus sciagraphus Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus Eleutherodactylus symingtoni Eleutherodactylus tetajulia Eleutherodactylus thorectes Eleutherodactylus tonyi Eleutherodactylus turquinensis Eleutherodactylus ventrilineatus Eleutherodactylus warreni Eupsophus insularis Exerodonta perkinsi Fejervarya murthii Gastrotheca lauzuricae Gastrotheca zeugocystis Geocrinia alba Glandirana minima Heleophryne rosei Holoaden bradei Hyalinobatrachium crybetes Hyla bocourti Hyla heinzsteinitzi Hylomantis lemur Hyloscirtus chlorosteus Hyloscirtus colymba Hyloscirtus ptychodactylus Hyloxalus anthracinus Hyloxalus delatorreae Hyloxalus edwardsi Hyloxalus ruizi Hyloxalus vertebralis Hyperolius pickersgilli Hyperolius watsonae Hypodactylus lucida Hypsiboas cymbalum Incilius cristatus Incilius fastidiosus Incilius peripatetes Indirana gundia Indirana phrynoderma Ingerana charlesdarwini Insuetophrynus acarpicus Isthmohyla angustilineata Isthmohyla calypsa Isthmohyla debilis Isthmohyla graceae Isthmohyla insolita Isthmohyla rivularis Isthmohyla tica Leiopelma archeyi Leptobrachella palmata Leptodactylodon erythrogaster Leptodactylus fallax Leptodactylus magistris Leptodactylus silvanimbus Leptophryne cruentata Lithobates chichicuahutla Lithobates omiltemanus Lithobates pueblae Lithobates sevosus Lithobates subaquavocalis Lithobates tlaloci Lithobates vibicarius Litoria booroolongensis Litoria castanea Litoria lorica Litoria myola Litoria nyakalensis Litoria piperata Litoria spenceri Mannophryne caquetio Mannophryne cordilleriana Mannophryne lamarcai Mannophryne neblina Mannophryne olmonae Mantella aurantiaca Mantella cowanii Mantella milotympanum Mantidactylus pauliani Megastomatohyla mixe Megastomatohyla pellita Melanophryniscus langonei Micrixalus kottigeharensis Microbatrachella capensis Microhyla karunaratnei Minyobates steyermarki Nannophrys marmorata Nectophrynoides paulae Nectophrynoides poyntoni Nectophrynoides wendyae Niceforonia adenobrachia Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis Nymphargus anomalus Nymphargus laurae Odontophrynus moratoi Odorrana wuchuanensis Oophaga lehmanni Oreobates pereger Oreobates zongoensis Oreolalax liangbeiensis Parhoplophryne usambarica Pelophryne linanitensis Pelophryne murudensis Pelophylax cerigensis Peltophryne florentinoi Peltophryne fluviatica Peltophryne lemur Petropedetes dutoiti Philautus jacobsoni Philautus sanctisilvaticus Philoria frosti Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku Phrynobatrachus intermedius Phrynopus dagmarae Phrynopus heimorum Phrynopus juninensis Phrynopus kauneorum Phrynopus tautzorum Phyllomedusa ayeaye Phytotriades auratus Platymantis insulatus Plectrohyla acanthodes Plectrohyla avia Plectrohyla calthula Plectrohyla calvicollina Plectrohyla celata Plectrohyla cembra Plectrohyla chryses Plectrohyla chrysopleura Plectrohyla crassa Plectrohyla cyanomma Plectrohyla dasypus Plectrohyla ephemera Plectrohyla exquisita Plectrohyla guatemalensis Plectrohyla hartwegi Plectrohyla hazelae Plectrohyla ixil Plectrohyla pachyderma Plectrohyla pokomchi Plectrohyla psarosema Plectrohyla pycnochila Plectrohyla quecchi Plectrohyla sabrina Plectrohyla siopela Plectrohyla tecunumani Plectrohyla teuchestes Plectrohyla thorectes Polypedates fastigo Pristimantis albericoi Pristimantis bernali Pristimantis hamiotae Pristimantis lichenoides Pristimantis phragmipleuron Pristimantis simonsii Pristimantis torrenticola Pristimantis tribulosus Pristimantis veletis Prostherapis dunni Pseudophilautus amboli Pseudophilautus limbus Pseudophilautus lunatus Pseudophilautus macropus Pseudophilautus nemus Pseudophilautus papillosus Pseudophilautus procax Pseudophilautus simba Pseudophryne corroboree Psychrophrynella guillei Psychrophrynella illimani Psychrophrynella kallawaya Psychrophrynella saltator Ptychohyla dendrophasma Ptychohyla hypomykter Ptychohyla macrotympanum Ptychohyla sanctaecrucis Rana chevronta Rana holtzi Ranitomeya abdita Ranitomeya dorisswansonae Raorchestes chalazodes Raorchestes chlorosomma Raorchestes griet Raorchestes kaikatti Raorchestes marki Raorchestes munnarensis Raorchestes ponmudi Raorchestes resplendens Raorchestes shillongensis Raorchestes sushili Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Rhinella amabilis Rhinella chavin Rhinella rostrata Rhinoderma rufum Scinax alcatraz Scinax faivovichi Scinax peixotoi Scutiger maculatus Somuncuria somuncurensis Strabomantis helonotus Stumpffia helenae Taudactylus acutirostris Taudactylus eungellensis Taudactylus pleione Taudactylus rheophilus Telmatobius atacamensis Telmatobius cirrhacelis Telmatobius culeus Telmatobius espadai Telmatobius gigas Telmatobius niger Telmatobius pefauri Telmatobius punctatus Telmatobius vellardi Telmatobius zapahuirensis Telmatobufo bullocki Vandijkophrynus amatolicus Werneria iboundji Wolterstorffina chirioi Xanthophryne tigerina Xenopus itombwensis Xenopus longipes

Police Interrogation and Due Process Research Paper

Police Interrogation and Due Process - Research Paper Example The above principles which are contained in the 5th amendment are very important to an individual accused of a crime. Although the amendment is viewed to contain various provisions, four elements widely protects an individual accused of a crime are right of protection against double jeopardy, right to due process, a right to what is known as grand jury and finally, right against self incrimination (Tomkovicz, 2002). Within courts in the United States, whenever questions arise in criminal trials whether a confession is incompetent because it is not viewed to be voluntary; this issue is mainly controlled by the 5th amendment commanding that specific individual shall at any given time be compelled in a criminal case to be a witness against himself. Self incrimination indicates that no person accused of a particular crime may be compelled to be a witness against her/himself. Supreme Court ruled that this specific action is only available not only police interrogation but also the trial. Further, this same rule may only apply to custodial interrogation where police interrogates an individual while in custody. Grand jury is defined as a group of individuals who decide whether there is enough evidence to charge a particular suspect. However, the US Supreme Court has not ruled on this requirement to apply to the states. Double jeopardy implies that individuals may not be punished and tried twice for the same crime. This area is complex such that even Supreme Court struggle with it. Finally, based on the due process, the 5th amendment indicates that no one should at any time be deprived property, life and liberty without due process of the law. The two types of due process are substantive and procedural. Procedural type focuses on fundamental fairness whereas substantive widely extend beyond the context of criminal prosecutions (Sonneborn, 2004). 4th Amendment Clearly, it is the legal responsibility for any government to provide each and every defiant in any criminal ac tion with legal representation which must be viewed to be effective. This is explained by the 6th amendment to the U.S that states â€Å"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦to have the assistance of counsel for his defense†. This clause gives all defendants the right to communicate with an attorney from the specific moment the defendant was taken into police custody. Decision by U.S Supreme Court to have constructed this clause was to ensure that any defiant enjoyed the constitutional right especially during critical stages in a criminal proceeding. These critical stages are namely; preliminary hearings, custodial interrogation, trial, post indictment, first appeal conviction and sentencing (Chemerinsky, 2002). This same clause was mainly to react against English practice where assistant from an attorney was denied even in very serious criminal cases. Here, defendants required

Global warming by human caused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global warming by human caused - Essay Example In addition to this, several non-human activities, such as variation in the orbit of earth around the sun, rapid changes in atmospheric composition, volcanic eruptions and solar luminosity are also responsible for the global climate change. Global climate change has become one of the most challenging and critical issue that is affecting ecological and environmental balance of the globe. It is difficult to justify the major responsible reasons behind this global warming. Several scientists have argued that human beings’ unethical activities are responsible for this issue. On the other hand, some of the scientists around the globe are trying to illustrate that volatile change in natural and environmental structure is causing rapid global climate change. The essay will provide an argument on the topic i.e. â€Å"Can the humans be held responsible for global warming?† Major Reasons behind Global Warming There are several reasons behind the climate and temperature change in the earth’s surface. The part of the essay will provide an argument about the real causes behind the global warming and rapid global; climate change. Non-Human Reasons The temperature of the earth depends upon the balance between the planet’s system and energy entering. When the energy from sun is absorbed, earth warms. On the other hand, when the energy of the sun is reflected back then the earth generally avoids warming. There are several non-human reasons that are affecting the global temperature. Green house effects, variation in the energy of sun and change in earth’s surface as well as atmospheric reflectivity are the factors responsible for global warming. Several scientists pieced a picture of the climate, dating back thousands of years through the analysis of various indirect measures like tree rings, glacier lengths, ice cores, and ocean sediments, changes in the orbit of earth and pollen remains. The valuable historical record shows that the global cl imate system varies naturally (Lawson 22). The output of the sun shows narrow variations over the course of a particular 11 year time cycle. These cyclic changes effectively correlate with the frequency and number of sun spot. It is known as solar cycle. This solar spot is growing slowly and gradually. However, the rapid increase of solar spot is affecting global climate. The climate is getting hotter and hotter due to this reason. On the other hand, position of the earth with respect to the sun slightly varied over a longer period of time due to the change in orbit of earth. However, this frequent change is termed as Milankovitch cycle (Shrivastava 109). According to the view of several scientists, these changes are major culprits for the global climate change since the Ice Age of earth. These changes have limited impact on the global temperature and climate change for a shorter time cycle. These changes have occurred slowly and gradually. This Milankovitch change has impacted the global climate and earth surface’s temperature. It has resulted in long-term climate and temperature fluctuations. Water vapor is considered as the most abundant green house gas in the atmosphere of earth although the changes in the water vapor’s concentration are generally the result of temperature changes. Consequently, this water vapor can significantly act as the part of feedback loop (Arnold 272). In the feedback loop, the increase in temperature typically triggers an effective increase in the evaporation of the water. The

Walmart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Walmart - Research Paper Example Sam had a vision, and together with his wife Helen, they used up almost all of their life savings to put up the first Walmart store. During the early part of the 70’s, Walmart was only able to expand to 15 stores because of lack of capital. So in 1972, Walmart stock was offered on the New York Stock Exchange, this gave the company the capital for expansion. By the end of the decade, the company opened 276 new stores in 11 states. The 80’s was also an eventful decade; it was in 1983 that Walmart introduced Sam’s Club members-warehouse store. Its first Supercenter however did not open until 1988 which already features a complete line of merchandise from grocery to assortments of general merchandise. The 80’s was also a decade of growth. The company continues to steadily grow with 1,402 Walmart stores in total and 123 Sam’s Club locations by 1989. Sales have skyrocketed from $1 billion in 1980 to $26 billion by the end of the decade. Currently, there a re 8,986 Walmart stores in 15 countries around the globe. They employ 2.1 people and are estimate to serve on average, 176 million customers per year. Walmart is a retail company that has not lost sight of its purpose, ad it is this purpose, this vision that have guided them towards their success.

Mill Locke on Liberty Essay Example for Free

Mill Locke on Liberty Essay Through out history, many philosophers have discussed the rights of mankind such as existence, liberty and especially property. In the work â€Å"The Second Treatise of Civil Government† written by John Locke, mankind’s natural rights are critically examined one by one. This essay aims to discuss whether John Stuart Mill’s harm principle that he mentions in â€Å"On Liberty† can be exercised while not violating the natural rights of mankind or not. First of all, in order to find out the consistency of Mill’s harm principle with Locke’s natural rights, briefly one should examine Locke’s definitions of state of nature and state of war. For Locke, when men live together reasonably and have right to judge each other, without a common authority such as a government it is called state of nature. For Locke, state of nature is a reasonable state that mankind live peacefully. And when men use force, or assert a design of force over other men and threat their lives, where also no common authority is present it is called state of war. Apart from the state of nature, in the state of war, Locke says that â€Å"every man hath a right to punish the offender, and be executioner of the law of nature† which drags men into continuous and endless wars and quarrels. Consequently, because of living in state of war, men could not make use of their natural rights such as right of existence, liberty, property, health, and punishment and judgment. One may instantly, without giving you a chance of defend, kill you, take away your freedom, seize you property and can do many other evil and unlawful actions. In order to prevent the brutal outcomes of state of war, Locke highlights the need of common legislative authority over the members of the community which will lead men to state of society where possessing natural rights would have a meaning and use. From these points, with a general survey, one can establish relations with Mill’s harm principle in consistency with natural rights. Mill’s harm principle lets government or such common legislative authority use power, force or other instruments over persons against their will in order to prevent someone to harm any other. And what Locke is seeking by introducing common legislative power is not much different with Mill’s presentation of harm principle. Let me support my stance by explaining the close relation between the natural rights of mankind and the principle. Right of existence and right of freedom cannot be secured in the state of war. The stronger members of the community would take hold of the others liberty which naturally have to be free from all superior powers and make them his slaves by at the same time threaten their lives, torturing and killing them. And putting forward that they can do anything they want and live in fully satisfied because of the natural right of liberty. But that is not the liberty of men. In such cases, rights of existence and liberty are attached to the willpower of the strongest although they are natural and given by god. True liberty is as Locke defines the freedom of men to follow their own wills and make their choices under the supervision of common legislative powers. So that for Locke such wills and actions that threatens others right of existence will not considered as natural right of freedom and not protected by government and vice-versa government will apply sanctions over whom uses right of freedom in bad faith. Then one shall say that Mill’s harm principle is put into practice over Locke’s natural rights of liberty. They joined together in the state of civilized society holding each other. Another very significant natural right that Locke talks about is property right. Firstly, he says that everything which lies on the earth created by god or nature belongs to the mankind in common. But mankind needs to use those unpossessed crops and fruits of earth in order to satisfy their needs and support and comfort of their being. Inevitably, concept of property is needed. Locke, at that point, says that whoever puts his or her labor on something that belongs to nature and community becomes the owner of that thing and constitutes title on it. The apples which in nature and owned by everybody, when gathered from trees by someone by mixing labor into, becomes the apples of the laborer or gatherer. By that way, I mean by mixing labor on something as Locke signifies, natural right of property can be established over something which is before common. However the question is, can one use Mill’s harm principle without violating Locke’s natural property right? The process of mixing effort on something is unclear. One may exert any kind of force and work to get the property of anything and may say â€Å"I have put my work on it† although actions may not legal, unjust, unfair and not protected by government. Another aspect is how someone can know and set apart the common and the owned property? Again he may put his effort on something which is already owned by another. The rule, first come, first served is not so determining and in practice many conflicts may occur. In both cases someone may get hurt by another’s actions. So in a sense, it seems harm principle is needed to be accepted by the government in order to prevent such harmful actions performed by ones who try to own something. In my opinion, in such cases putting into practice the harm principle is not a violation over property right, seems more like a limitation on behalf of mankind. Moreover, as Locke also explains everyone should not labor more than he could make use of, otherwise indirectly others may be affected by scarcity and lack of resources. At that point again harm principle can step in, and in order to prevent someone to acquire more than what he needs, common authority may exercise power on selfish ones. In conclusion, one may say that harm principle generally can be exercised by community while not violating the natural rights but limiting it on behalf of members of the society. Because as I tried to show that without such instruments, I mean harm principle, people who had bad faith in, can use natural rights in evil things.

Comparing Mistaken Identity in Merchant of Venice, Comedy Errors, Twelf

Mistaken Identity in Merchant of Venice, Comedy of Errors, Twelfth Night and As You Like It   Ã‚  The ploy of mistaken identity as a plot device in writing comedies dates back at least to the times of the Greeks and Romans in the writings of Menander and Plautus. Shakespeare borrowed the device they introduced and developed it into a fine art as a means of expressing theme as well as furthering comic relief in his works. Shakespeare's artistic development is clearly shown in the four comedies The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and Measure for Measure where he manages to take the germinal idea of mistaken identity and expand it to peaks its originators never fathomed.    In Shakespeare's first comedy, The Comedy of Errors, mistaken identity is the sole impetus behind the action, as it had been with its original sources. The germinal idea of asking how one really knows who one is is introduced, but the conflicts that occur between appearance and reality are not totally realized. This will be accomplished by Shakespeare's maturing comic style as he begins to recognize all the varying aspects presented by the ploy of mistaken identity.    In its simplest form, mistaken identity is shown in Twelfth Night where twins are mistaken for each other enhancing the comic confusion of the plot. This basic concept is taken deeper, however, when it is recognized that one twin is actually a girl who would not normally be mistaken for her brother. This only happens because she has resorted to disguise. Viola masquerading as Cessario opens the doors for many double meanings in dialogue through a great deal of playing with words. When her twin brother Sebastian arrives, the comic elements reign as her meek natur... ...re to everyone.    These are only a few of the ways Shakespeare altered mistaken identity by expanding the concept to include disguise, self-delusion, and theme. It is impossible to fully develop all the uses and expansions this basic comic device received in Shakespeare's hands even when dealing with the limited scope of plays we are looking at in this question. It is also impossible to isolate one aspect of this development from the others because Shakespeare intertwined them in such a way that in his growth as a comic writer he took the ploy of mistaken identity and used it in its totality of meaning. Ultimately, mistaken identity is a subtle thread underlying virtually every comic action studied in these four works. Through his development of this simple comic device we clearly see one aspect of the whole that makes up Shakespeare's creative genius.   

Recent advances in medical technology

The two articles What is telecasters? And ‘Do we know too much? Illustrate what the evolution of medical technology is and how it improves people's life. Both articles provide medical studies to support the curative effects. Furthermore, although there are still some limitations or negative aspects toward the progressions, It Is believed that those will be solved with time. In the article What Is telecasters? ‘ the author elucidates how its operation differs from traditional surgery.It Is revealed that doctor an give a remote operation by using robotic arms connected to fiber-optic cables without distance and facilities restrictions. However, some people doubts If robots can be relied on; the author also states that It might not function well due to the network access and compatibility of computer. The second article alms to address the question of what happens If we can extract Information from our genes. By genetic tests, we can aware of the genetic disorder that we mig ht suffer from and prevent contracting certain diseases.Currently, large range of disorders can be detected by complex genetic tests such as newborn screening, diagnostic, carrier and predictive testing. By the progression of medical technology, we are able to lead a longer and healthier life, furthermore, tests can be used to blood relationship testing and applied to crack down on crime. However, some people worry about that it might result In some negative impact toward their living. As the remarkable development on therapy introduced in the essays, human beings benefit greatly from telecasters and genetic tests; though they are still some limitations and difficulties need to be coped with.

The musical strategies of some exemplary ‘titles’ sequences in a way that illuminates the function of music in entertainment cinema

In order to view a variety of techniques used, the title sequences of four films will be analysed: from classic Hollywood cinema Casablanca and Psycho, a modern Hollywood film, Edward Scissorhands, and a recent Russian film, Prisoner of the Mountains (Kavkazky Plennik). In non-musical terms Casablanca, Psycho and Edward Scissorhands all present different versions of the classic Hollywood technique of using a closed, self-contained titles sequence. Meanwhile in Prisoner of the Mountains there is an extended sequence before the titles begin, and this sequence includes music. The following points need to be addressed with regard to each film: how the music in the title sequence coincides with the visuals (i. e. how the sequence works on its own); what kind of role the music plays; how this can be interpreted in terms of its effects on audience expectation and manipulation; and finally how the music of the title sequence relates to that which is used later on, and in what context the title music itself is used. In Casablanca the normal Warner Bros fanfare accompanies the studio's logo at the very opening, and drum music links the picture to the visually static title sequence which uses a map of Africa as its background. This develops into ‘oriental' music for the full orchestra, using several clichis developed from the western perception of the ‘orient', such as the persistent use of the melodic progression tonic/leading note/flattened-submediant/dominant (i. e. C, B, A-flat, G) played predominantly by brass and reed instruments. When the credit for the composer Max Steiner appears, the music shifts and plays La Marseillaise, the French national anthem, but this concludes with an interrupted cadence rather than its normal perfect version. We must also examine the next sequence as it forms a unit with the title sequence, using both music and partly-animated visuals. We see another globe, this time used for the mapping of the physical and causal route to Casablanca, from France and other places. Clips of paradigm journeys are superimposed onto the map as the refugees flee Paris and Marseilles. The music accompanying this follows on from the pessimistic nature of the interrupted cadence of La Marseillaise, building down to low, dissonant and lugubrious chords on brass which begins to be accompanied by a romantic high, intense and chromatic melody for strings in octaves. Finally, as the first scene of the film begins in a market square in Casablanca, the music returns to oriental music, this time, supposedly, diegetically. The role of this sequence is manifold: firstly it establishes Casablanca as the physical and spiritual setting for the film, corresponding to the geographically blatant use of maps. It also adds interest to an otherwise static title sequence, and indeed, is a montage of the musical themes that are to be presented in the film. The first two themes (‘Oriental' and Marseillaise) are so explicit that they do not take on much contextual meaning in this original setting, but rather set up purely musical expectation, which can be utilised by transformation or by various possibilities of juxtaposition with visuals. The third ‘suffering, yearning' theme is less familiar and therefore takes meaning from its context and becomes associated with the desire for freedom and liberty. In this sense the themes sum up the plot: as captivity in a wild land (oriental), fettered liberty (La Marseillaise and its cadence), and romantic human yearning for freedom. Generically, the nationalistic music also helps establish the film as a ‘serious' war film as well as a melodrama. The main strategies of the musical sequence, then, are clear: to introduce the main musical themes in a way that makes the introduction understandable and establishes its genre. By its nature the music also manipulates the audience into feeling the setting to be removed from their own settings by the fact that the oriental music is exotic in an Romantic orientalist sense rather than in a Moroccan sense, establishing the film as a western work. The manner in which the title music influences the rest of the film is generally easy to detail. Unlike the manner in which As Time Goes By is used in a proliferating way, the occurrences of the title themes are used to remind us of their original or implied contexts and meanings. The Marseillaise theme is used as a symbol of France (for the flashback sequence) but more generally as a marker of the success or failure of idealism and the Allies in its battle against cynicism and Fascism: its overall movement is from the interruption of the titles to the only full cadence in the final scene as Louis finally gives in to patriotism by throwing away the Vichy water. Oriental music is used more scarcely as the setting has been established, but it is used diegetically in the Blue Parrot scenes to distinguish it from the more homely and American Rick's (‘Cafi Americain'). Thus some of the title music was truly introductory and other parts were to be used for future reference. The fact that As Time Goes By was not used indicates that it did not attempt a full musical accumulation of themes but concentrated on those necessary to understand the first scene. The title sequence of Psycho is more closed and self-contained than that of Casablanca due to the manner in which the music of the titles is separated – both by silence and by change of mood – from the opening scene. The sequence is also far more visually captivating due to the thrusting horizontal lines that shoot across the screen and distort the titles themselves, culminating in a vertical meeting of upwards and downwards-moving lines and a release. Unlike Casablanca there is no aspect of narrative or historical context, but rather the establishing of a mood, as the lines suggest frenetic activity, violence, splitting and then final dying union, as the lines meet and fall away. The music, meanwhile, uses three primary textures in succession, all of which are linked by the modernist language and string scoring of Herrmann's score. The first is a driving ‘motor' rhythm of double-stopped dissonances in the tradition of The Rite of Spring, which develops by superimposing variants of a basic cell onto itself and thus expanding in volume and texture. The second is this rhythmic idea as an accompaniment to a soaring violin theme which is still not entirely Romantic in character due its persistent crotchet motion. Ostinati are thus the key to the sequence. The third texture is the ‘sharp' rhythmic idea used by smaller sections of strings in upwards sequences, dying away with the visual lines, and reaching an extremely high tessitura. The music stops and pauses before the opening scene begins with slow weakly-discordant descending chords in the style of Debussy. ‘The real function of a main title, of course, should be to set the pulse of what is to follow†¦ I am convinced, and so is Hitchcock, that after the main titles you know that something terrible must happen. The main title sequence tells you so, and that is its function: to set the drama. You don't need cymbal crashes or records that never sell'. 1 Thus Bernard Herrmann both states the specific strategy of the musical cue that accompanies the title sequence in Psycho and proposes a general theory of the function of titles sequences. He also justifies his choice of a string orchestra for such dramatic music, and in other places likens the string sound to Hitchcock's anachronistic monochrome. The strategy, then, is to sum up the essence of the film. That essence is surely the surprising ‘primitive' (in the primitivist sense of Stravinsky) violence that describes the title word, and in no way sets the scene for that which immediately follows. The music is fiercely modernist for a cinema audience but still within their understanding so that, along with the visuals and the word ‘psycho', the main element of the titles establishes itself as distinctly inhuman and violent. Just as the straight lines penetrating the screen and the titles can be interpreted as predicting the motion of stabbing and also the split character of Bates, the music is ‘stabbing' in its chords and ends ‘screaming' as Marion will do. The horror genre is thereby indicated, but the music's insistent intensity hints at the obsessively psychological nature of Hitchcock's art. The influence of this titles music on the rest of the film is subtle. The first scene is entirely removed from it by mood, if not completely by musical language, a feature that unifies the entire score and film. The first time the titles music is reused is when Marion realises that her boss has seen her driving her car after she had told him that she was going straight home to bed. The fright she suffers, and the effort with which she suppresses it in order to force a smile at her boss, seem to initiate the return of the violent double-stopped ostinati of the titles. Here there is a meaning attached to a mood which we understand to be the essence of the film: the music is in some way linked to the Marion's subjectivity and also the insistent technology of the car. Marion is shown to be a transgressive woman, and this raises the expectation that Marion herself may be the psycho: she has a headache; she hears voices in her head; she has stolen money; she drives – a masculine pastime in most films; and accordingly her fright is expressed not through Romantic scherzo music but by this horror music. This expectation is, of course, entirely false. Meanwhile the explicit violin theme of the titles is used to fill the screen just as Marion's face does as we watch her watching the road, amounting to a nullification of any reluctance we might have towards voyeurism. The most powerful influence the titles music has over the film is its various ways of presenting ostinati. We learn to decode this new musical language in stages, so that the deep ostinati heard as the dying Marion falls to the floor in the shower is distinguished from the niggling four-note repeated figure associated with Marion's decision to run away with the money. They mean different things but are united by technique and by the world they draw for the audience. Edward Scissorhands toys with genre: it is a both a genuine horror film and a parody of one (of the Frankenstein and Beauty and the Beast traditions); it is also a fantasy, a comedy and a melodrama. This is recognised in the titles sequence and the music that accompanies it. The studio logo is accompanied by snow and then there follows a title sequence that is ambiguous as to whether it is animated or real. In fact, it turns out that much of the sequence is real and is taken from later scenes involving Vincent Price that are vital to the plot, such as the brief view we have of him dead and the hands that could have been Edward's. However, this is all crafted with elements of Gothic fantasy, using discrete images from the house/castle, beginning with dark shadows and an old door opening, moving to what we later realise was the inventor's laboratory, and this culminates in the purely fantastic animation of hearts and other ‘shapes' falling like snow, with which the title sequence concludes. Danny Elfman's music for this sequence is remarkable mainly for its orchestration: it begins with solo celesta, then strings are added, accompanying a plaintive cor anglais, and then a full (and massive) orchestra plays the main theme, to which is added a celestial and voiceless choir, which sings to ‘oooh'. The chord sequence that is most prominent is a major tonic triad moving to a minor triad of the submediant. In effect, the sequence is akin to an amalgamation of Casablanca and Psycho, for it uses the technique of joining the titles to a ‘false' first scene, whilst dissociating it from the first ‘real' flashback scene, which begins in prosaic silence. Elfman's music is fairly uniform here but multivalent. The magical nature of the film is set by the celesta and the harp/flute-oriented nature of the full orchestration and finally by the angelic voices. The magical interpretation of this combination of instruments is accepted by way of Chaikovsky, Debussy and John Williams, from whom the harmonic progressions are also borrowed. The element of horror is marginalized but represented by low strings and the melancholy of the cor. The voices add a layer of naive wonder that is rather over the top, something that is a major part of the film. The audience is led to expect a fairy tale with an element of horror to it, but also the clues to the somewhat tongue-in-cheek nature of the film are also present in the music. Importantly, from the very beginning this affective music is associated with the house and Edward. The element of falling in this film is highly significant: many of the moments of greatest significance revolve around the falling of snow, which is finally associated by the old woman of the present with Edward's very existence, and thus the existence of the film and of magical naivety and goodness, with the falling of snow; in the studio's very logo before the titles there had been no fanfare but silence accompanying the falling of snow; in the titles the ‘shapes' are shown to fall like snow: these shapes include hearts, which provide a link to humans and human emotions: the inventor falls when he dies and his fall is emphasised by the way in which we view his face as he realises he is to die. The sequence leading up to the inventor's death is the key to the explanation for Edward's condition, which is half the mystery of the film (the other half is how it will end), and it is drawn out by its progression being interrupted and alternated with scenes of the ‘present' (wi thin the entire flashback of the film). During this we realise the significance of what we had seen in the titles, and to emphasise this the titles music is brought back, and the tragic nature of the story is shown by the fact that we were ignorant of its intended significance until now. The other scenes in which the titles music features prominently are when Edward sees the picture of Peggy's daughter for the first time (choir ‘ooohs') and when snow is falling and Edward magically (for it would not be possible) creates beautiful ice sculptures with the girl as his enraptured audience (full statement of the main theme). Thus the titles music is used to indicate the presence of the picturesque, the naive will to do good and the tragic nature of fate. Those things not privileged by this music are, by implication, marginalized. However, the titles theme also proliferates the film as Elfman develops it by distortion (quarter-tone glissandi in the main theme) during moments of anguish. This is similar to Steiner's use of La Marseillaise in Casablanca. Finally, by way of contrast, we will look at Prisoner of the Mountains, a strong piece of anti-war propaganda made during, and based on, the ongoing Russo-Chechen conflict. The film begins with a long sequence before the titles, showing the recruitment process of a young man drafted in as a reserve soldier into the Russian army. We see him given a medical examination naked, which has an element of humour to it. Then we see an older soldier go to play pool outdoors with a friend and they drink in a relaxed, late-evening atmosphere. The contrast between the young and innocent and the hardened cynic is reinforced as the soldier, Sasha, responds to other soldiers being rowdy by firing off rounds of his machine gun in mock attack. As he shoots we see his tensed, macho face, there is a freeze frame and a song begins, the first music of the film. The song is an old one and is obviously recognisable as a popular song of the type popularised during the Second World War, a period that is a subject of great nostalgia for Russians. We then see a military manoeuvre operated by the Russians with both the old and the young soldier aboard a Russian tank. The song ends and we are brought out of nostalgia for the army to the harsh reality as we hear a solo plucked string instrument play an ‘oriental' snippet of melody. This alerts the audience to the possibility of danger from Russia's ethnic ‘others' and to the placement of the scene in the Caucasus mountain range. Suddenly the tank is ambushed and our two soldiers are severely wounded and left unconscious and seemingly dead by their comrades and are captured by the Chechens. Finally the titles begin with an endless panorama of the mountains and dramatic orchestral music in an orientalist style. Here it is difficult to determine what constitutes the essential title sequence if one accepts Herrmann's definition. The music that accompanies the titles certainly does more to emphasise the setting and the drama of the film, but we cannot forget what has already happened. The freeze-frame on Sasha's face as he fires in connection with the ultra-popular song is so strong a device so difficult to interpret on first viewing that it dominates the opening. Moreover, whilst the opening music is hardly reused before the end of the film, there is another sequence which is crucial to the film's anti-war message: the two Russians are kept hostage, chained together, for a long period and it becomes increasingly likely that they will be killed. As they sit together, back to back, Sasha begins to sing another old WWII song in a triumphant, brave voice, something that is obviously escapist. Suddenly his voice is multiplied and the song is taken over by a huge chorus and the shot moves from the two men to the vast expanse of the mountains, so that he can be seen to become the might of the Russian army. As the song is still being bellowed out, the shot changes back to the men, and Sasha is crying frantically. The false expectation of escape in patriotism that had been set up by the song is revealed, and this makes sense of the opening song in addition. In a sense, then the titles sequence constructs a conventional colonialist Russian audience led to be wary of foreign subjects, whilst its other musical material works against this. It is possible to generalise our observations to note that for every film here the titles operate as a kind of first subject of a sonata-form movement: they establish certain information about the film's essence which can be developed in a linear way, as in the thematic references in Casablanca and the thematic distortions of Edward Scissorhands, or in a more accumulative way, as with the manner in which the music for the titles sequences in Psycho, Edward Scisssorhands and Prisoner of the Mountains gains in meaning as we acquire more information. As an audience we are led to believe that the titles have meaning and, like the subject of a sonata, will be recapitulated.